📒 11. Sınıf Ders Notları

1Future Forms

• will: anlık karar, tahmin, söz: "I'll help you."
• be going to: önceden yapılmış plan ya da kanıta dayalı tahmin: "Look at the clouds! It's going to rain."
• Present continuous: kesinleşmiş planlar: "I'm meeting Ali tomorrow."
• Future continuous: gelecekte belli bir anda sürmekte olan iş: "This time tomorrow I will be flying to London."

💡 Unutma: Zaman bağlaçlarından (when, as soon as, before) sonra will kullanılmaz: "When I arrive, I'll call you."

2Modals

• Yetenek: can / could / be able to: "She could swim when she was five."
• Olasılık: may / might / could: "He might be at home."
• Zorunluluk ve tavsiye: must / have to, should / had better: "You had better hurry."
• Geçmişe dair: must have done (kesin çıkarım), should have done (pişmanlık/eleştiri), can't have done (imkânsızlık).

Örnek: "You should have studied harder." → Daha çok çalışmalıydın (ama çalışmadın).

3Past Perfect, Used to ve Would

• Past perfect (had + V3) geçmişteki iki olaydan önce olanı anlatır: "When we arrived, the film had started."
• used to: geçmişteki ama artık sürmeyen alışkanlık ve durumlar: "I used to live in İzmir."
• would: yalnızca geçmişteki tekrarlanan eylemler için: "We would play in the street every evening."
• be used to + V-ing: bir şeye alışkın olmak: "I'm used to getting up early."

4Passive Voice

• Yapı: be + V3; işi yapandan çok işin kendisi önemliyse kullanılır.
• "They built the bridge in 1973." → "The bridge was built in 1973."
• Yapan belirtilecekse by kullanılır: "The book was written by Orhan Pamuk."
• Kiplerle: "The work must be done today."

5Reported Speech

• Aktarımda zaman genellikle bir geri kayar: present → past, past → past perfect, will → would.
• "I am tired," she said. → She said (that) she was tired.
• Sorular düz cümle düzeniyle aktarılır: "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.
• Emirler to + V1 ile: "Close the door." → She told me to close the door.

6Relative Clauses

• who insanlar, which nesneler, that ikisi için, whose iyelik, where yer, when zaman bildirir.
• "The man who lives next door is a doctor."
• Virgüllü (ek bilgi veren) relative clause'larda that kullanılmaz.

Örnek: "This is the school where I studied."

7Conditionals ve Wish

• Type 0: genel gerçekler: "If you heat ice, it melts."
• Type 1: gerçekleşmesi olası durum: "If it rains, we will stay home."
• Type 2: şimdiki zamanda hayalî durum: "If I were rich, I would travel the world."
• Type 3: geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş durum: "If I had studied, I would have passed."
• wish + past simple şimdiki pişmanlık, wish + past perfect geçmişteki pişmanlık.